The History of England by A. E. Pollard
i.e. anarchy.
1154-1189. HENRY II restores order, curbs the military power of the
barons by scutage (1159), the Assize of Arms (1181), and the
substitution of sworn inquest for the ordeal and trial by battle,
and their jurisdiction by the development of the royal court of
justice through assizes of Clarendon, Northampton, etc. Teaches
the people to rely on their judgment. Restrains the sheriffs, and
attempts to limit ecclesiastical jurisdiction by the
constitutions of Clarendon (1164). Quarrel with Becket.
1189-1199. RICHARD I. Crusade and wars In France.
1199-1210. JOHN'S tyranny. Loss of Normandy (1204). Quarrel with the
church and baronage. Tries to retrieve his position by spirited
foreign policy. Defeated at Bouvines (1214) and forced to sign
Magna Carta (1215).
1216-1272. HENRY III. Beginnings of national government under De Burgh.
Naval victory (1217). Alien domination of Henry's favourites
provokes baronial resistance. Growth of native wealth and
influence, and of an English party in the Barons' War (1258-
1265). Simon De Montfort. Townsfolk summoned to Parliament.
1272-1307. EDWARD I, the first English king since the Norman Conquest.
Emergence of the English people, their language, national
weapons, towns, commerce. The Model Parliament(1275, 1295).
Confirmation of the charters(1297). National resistance to the
Papacy, and national enterprises against Wales and Scotland.
1307-1327. EDWARD II. The relapse of Monarchy. Baronage becoming
peerage. Thomas of Lancaster.
1327-1377. EDWARD III. Growth of nationalism in religion, politics,
literature, trade, and war. The Commons take the constitutional
lead abandoned by the peers. Lollardy and hostility to the
Papacy. Decay of manorial system: emancipation of villeins:
growth of industry and towns.
1377-1399. RICHARD II, Revolt of the peasants and artisans (1381).
Tries to emancipate himself from the control of the peers, and is
deposed.
1399-1413. HENRY IV and the Lancastrian dynasty. Revolt of the Percies
(1403). Henry's troubles with over-mighty subjects.
1413-1422. HENRY V seeks escape from domestic troubles in foreign war.
1415. Battle of Agincourt. Treaty of Troyes (1420).
1422. HENRY VI. Rivalry between Beaufort and Gloucester leads to growth
of Lancastrian and Yorkist factions, and these with local anarchy
produce the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485).
1461. EDWARD IV secures the throne, and in 1471 defeats both the
Lancastrians and Warwick the King-maker.
1483. RICHARD III.
1485. HENRY VII and the House of Tudor.
1487. Organization of the Star Chamber to repress disorder and over-
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